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- <text id=93TT0568>
- <title>
- Nov. 29, 1993: The Arts & Media:Architecture
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Nov. 29, 1993 Is Freud Dead?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE ARTS & MEDIA, Page 68
- Architecture
- Pei's Palace Of Art
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>In a historic renovation, the architect brings light and cohesion
- to the Louvre
- </p>
- <p>By Thomas Sancton/Paris--With reporting by Benjamin Ivry/Paris and Daniel S. Levy/New
- York
- </p>
- <p> Napoleon III had a taste for ostentation. On the ceiling of
- his gilded reception room in the Louvre is a fresco of the goateed
- sovereign himself, sitting on his throne and surrounded by puffy
- clouds and horn-blowing cherubs. Flying toward him are two figures
- brandishing architectural plans and a model of the royal palace.
- The painting commemorates the Emperor's 1852 decision to expand
- the edifice by adding a new north wing, named after Cardinal
- Richelieu, to house his private apartments and expanding bureaucracy.
- </p>
- <p> President Francois Mitterrand's likeness will probably never
- grace a ceiling. But what he shares with the Emperor is the
- French monarchical itch to build upon the nation's patrimony.
- His Grand Louvre renovation, launched in 1981, was once attacked
- as an exercise in Socialist self-aggrandizement. Today the project
- is described by Jacques Toubon, the new Gaullist Minister of
- Culture, as "a historic and cultural space without comparison
- in the world."
- </p>
- <p> About their own culture, all Frenchmen are hyperbolists. But
- in this case, Toubon might be right. For when Mitterrand opened
- the newly rebuilt Richelieu wing last week, he vastly expanded
- the world's most famous museum and, for the first time in the
- palace's 447-year history, allowed the Louvre to be dedicated
- entirely to its extraordinary art collections. With its 231,400
- sq. ft. of floor space, the three-story Richelieu wing will
- double the Louvre's display areas, allowing its curators to
- pull more than 4,000 works out of the reserves and put a total
- of 12,000 on view in the new sections alone.
- </p>
- <p> Every stage of the Grand Louvre renovation has had its controversy,
- and this one is no exception. When in 1989 Mitterrand first
- unveiled architect I.M. Pei's modernistic glass pyramid in the
- the museum's vast central courtyard, the work brought accusations
- of aesthetic heresy. This time Pei has offended some observers
- by combining the museum with an underground shopping gallery
- that includes 13 fast-food counters and 60 boutiques, ranging
- from Lalique crystal to Esprit sportswear and a Virgin Records
- Megastore. The new commercial space is elegant and features
- at its center an inverted Pei pyramid, which echoes the one
- outside and bathes the beige limestone halls in a rich, silky
- light. To his critics, Pei responds in the best tradition of
- the king-picked artist: "The mixing of art, culture and commerce
- is not impossible," he says. Besides, the 76-year-old Chinese-American
- architect points out, the rental income from the shops was necessary
- to finance an underground garage.
- </p>
- <p> The new Richelieu wing is only part of the $1 billion Grand
- Louvre project, which is likely to last three more years. But
- last week's opening, which also marked the museum's 200th anniversary,
- completed Pei's vision of a subterranean crossroads linking
- every wing to a central starting point. Before the renovation,
- the entrances were confusing, and the Richelieu wing, occupied
- by the Finance Ministry, had been subdivided into a warren of
- cluttered, low-ceilinged offices. Apart from the Napoleon III
- apartments, the entire structure had to be gutted and rebuilt
- by an international team of architects under Pei's supervision.
- </p>
- <p> A key decision was to cover the wing's three interior courtyards
- with glass and use them as galleries for sculptures. Taking
- advantage of the immense space available--the ceilings are
- 115 ft. high--French architect Michel Macary turned two of
- the courtyards into limestone terraces that show off, among
- other things, the heroic statues of Pierre Puget and a pair
- of rearing horses carved in Carrara marble by Guillaume Coustou
- for Louis XIV. The third courtyard, designed by American architect
- Stephen Rustow, evokes the palace of the Assyrian King Sargon
- II (8th century B.C.) at Khorsabad and features two 13-ft.-high
- winged bulls with human heads.
- </p>
- <p> The new wing also houses most of the 5,500-piece decorative-arts
- collection--including jewel-encrusted gold crowns and carved
- ivory statuettes--in handsome, well-lit glass display cases
- mounted on stone pedestals and trimmed in chrome. The cases,
- which are used in all the new areas, are one of the Richelieu
- wing's most effective unifying elements because they echo Pei's
- refined, understated decor.
- </p>
- <p> Some of Pei's finest achievements are the most practical. In
- contrast to the hodgepodge that reigned in the old painting
- galleries, he arranged the rooms to create a succession of schools
- and periods. He also conceived the sleek black escalator that
- runs from the underground level up to the top floor. Set in
- a vast hall of polished stone, it is the central nexus that
- links all the departments to one another. Thanks to the large
- windows on the landings, it offers dramatic perspectives of
- the grand outdoor Pyramid and the majestic facades of the other
- wings. Wherever possible, in fact, Pei has sought to provide
- windows that open the museum on to the city outside and permit
- visitors to orient themselves. Perhaps Pei's greatest concession
- to visitor comfort was to include five rest rooms in the new
- wing, compared with two in all of the old museum. Pei's lighting
- system, which prevails throughout the upper-floor painting departments,
- is an inventive mix of natural and electric light. His solution
- to Paris' wide seasonal variations was to place a system of
- wooden screens under the skylights. Their angles are set to
- prevent direct sun from falling on the paintings and at the
- same time to deflect the beams from hidden overhead spotlights.
- The system works beautifully except in those rooms where museum
- officials, ignoring Pei's wishes, hung paintings above other
- paintings. The result is a distracting sheen on the higher canvases.
- Asked why Pei's advice was ignored, curator Pierre Rosenberg
- snapped, "No museum in the world would let an architect hang
- artworks."
- </p>
- <p> Disputes between architects and curators arose frequently during
- construction. One of the worst involved the wall colors in the
- exhibition space for Northern European 17th century paintings.
- Pei wanted beige or off-white, he says, because "neutral-colored
- walls go with any colors in the paintings." But the curators
- insisted on stronger tones. The dispute grew so acrimonious
- that one curator is reported by several observers to have referred
- repeatedly to Pei, behind his back, as "that slant-eyed little
- Chinaman."
- </p>
- <p> The walls of the Flemish section are a gray-mauve that curators
- describe as plum but less charitable observers call degueulis
- d'ivrogne (loosely translated as regurgitated wine). Here the
- magnificent Flemish collection, featuring works of Van Eyck,
- Van Dyck and Bruegel, ultimately prevails. And so does the ingenuity
- of Pei's layouts, which is evident throughout the painting galleries.
- For Poussin, Pei designed a special octagonal room to show off
- the famous Seasons series. And for the 24 oversize Rubenses
- commissioned by Marie de Medicis in the 1620s, Pei designed
- what is the stunning centerpiece of the Flemish section: a 130-ft.-long
- chamber with a vaulted ceiling and almond-green walls. The Dutch
- canvases, says curator Rosenberg, are "the greatest surprise.
- Everyone knew that Flemish art is one of the glories of the
- Louvre, but the Dutch collection had been ignored."
- </p>
- <p> It is in search of such surprises that more visitors are likely
- to descend on the Louvre. Already, attendance has risen from
- 3 million in 1988 to 5 million in 1992. Now that it has been
- transformed from a dark and dowdy cavern to a bright and logical
- showcase, millions more are expected.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
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